> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.phocassoftware.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.phocassoftware.com/financial-statements/managing-statements/customize-a-financial-statement/customize-calculations/functions-for-profit-and-loss-calculations.md). # Functions for Profit & Loss calculations Learn about the inbuilt functions you can use in the Profit and Loss statement calculations. See also Formulas for financial ratios. ## \[acc] {% hint style="success" %} Watch this PUG Training video: [Cashflow - direct and indirect](https://www.phocassoftware.com/customer/training-series/financial-statements#session4) (jump to 23.00) {% endhint %} The Account \[acc] function references a single account code, allowing you to insert the values of an account, rather than a group, into a financial statement. This function respects the values as displayed on the statement. For example, if the **Reverse Sign** option is applied to a Revenue group to present values as positive, a referenced Revenue account will also be positive. You can only reference accounts that are in the underlying financial statement. Click **fx** in the formula bar, then select **Profit and loss accounts (acc)** from the list (this reads **Balance sheet accounts (acc)** if you're building the calculation in a Balance Sheet). Use the **Filter by code or keyword** search box to find the account, then select it from the list to insert it into your formula.

Example: Exclude an account from the marketing expenses group in a Profit and Loss statement

Suppose you want to display the value of the Marketing Expense excluding the Digital Marketing (account code 6530) in the Profit and Loss statement. Add a calculation row with a reference to the Marketing Expense row less the new function referencing the Digital Marketing account code.

## \[bal] {% hint style="success" %} Watch these PUG Training videos: [Ratios and statistical streams](https://www.phocassoftware.com/customer/training-series/financial-statements#session3) (jump to 03.29) and [Cashflow - direct and indirect](https://www.phocassoftware.com/customer/training-series/financial-statements#session4) (jump to 23.00) {% endhint %} The Balance \[bal] function references the Balance Sheet, allowing you to select Balance Sheet entities to include in calculations on the Profit and Loss statement, which is useful for calculating financial ratios. Click **fx** in the formula bar, then select **Balance sheet (bal)**. Expand the Balance Sheet tree and click the account group you want (for example, **Intangible Assets**) to reveal its **average**, **closing**, and **movement** options, then select the one you need.

The function is automatically completed for you, for example \[bal(Balance Sheet Detail, Trade and Other Receivables, closing)].

### Average balance The **average** parameter calculates an average of the Balance Sheet account group based on the start date (opening balance) and end date (closing balance) of the period in the Profit and Loss statement. For example, if Current Assets are included in a Profit and Loss statement for the period January to June, the \[bal] function will average the Current Asset values as at the end of December (opening balance) and as at the end of June (closing balance). Select **bal** as outlined above, expand the account group, then select **average**.

### Closing balance The **closing** parameter inserts the final position of the Balance Sheet account group based on the start and end dates of the period in the Profit and Loss statement. For example, if Current Assets are included in a Profit and Loss statement for the period January to June, the \[bal] function will average the Current Asset values as at the end of December and as at the end of June. This calculation takes into account any material movements in Balance Sheet groups during that period. Select **bal** as outlined above, expand the account group, then select **closing**.

### Balance Sheet account movement The **Movement** parameter displays the difference between the Balance Sheet group value at the start of the period and the value at the end of the period. For example, if January 2023 = 50 and March 2023 = 150, the movement is 100. Select **bal** as outlined above, expand the account group, then select **movement**.

## \[DaysInPeriod] The \[DaysInPeriod] function inserts the number of days in the period associated with the financial statement, allowing you to calculate the revenue per day, profit per day, and so on. You can multiply the days by 365 to produce an annualized result. Click **fx** in the formula bar, then select **Days In Period** from the list. There are no further options to select, the function is inserted directly.

The function is automatically completed for you and you can proceed to use it alongside other functions, for example:

## \[stat] The Statistics \[stat] function inserts the sum of a measure from a statistical stream, allowing you to calculate revenue or operating profit per customer, or other business insights by combining statistical (non-financial) streams with financial information. This function is only applicable if your organization has statistical streams added to a database. Your administrator can add non-financial streams to your financial database using Designer. Click **fx** in the formula bar, then select **Statistics (stat)**. Expand the stream (for example, **Statistics**) to see its measures, then select the one you want (for example, **Headcount**).

The function is automatically completed for you. It includes the stream followed by the measure, for example \`stat(Statistics, Headcount)\`:

## \[avg] The Average \[avg] function inserts the average of the values in a measure from a non-financial stream, for a specific period. For example, if you want to know the average number of units sold during the year (monthly basis), the \[avg] function will calculate the average of the monthly balances. This function is only applicable if your organization has non-financial streams added to a database. Your administrator can add such streams to your financial database using [Designer](/administration/designer.md). Click **fx** in the formula bar, then select **Statistical average (avg)**. Expand the stream (for example, **Statistics**) to see its measures, then select the one you want (for example, **Headcount**). The function is automatically completed for you. It includes the stream followed by the measure, for example \`avg(Statistics, Headcount)\`:

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